Let's see your Ctrl+V

[NMUSpidey 3,956]

  Edited April 12, 2012 by NMUSpidey  

[Duke87 1,070]

Oh right, weird video.

[Mithrik 562]

=IF(C10>=1, 0, 1)

I am working in Excel.

[NMUSpidey 3,956]

https://i.imgur.com/CORk0.jpg

[simlink 1,098]

WTWTTCH

[NMUSpidey 3,956]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsman_spider

Oh yeah, found two of these in my home.

[Charlie_Zane 963]

22,898,326

[LastTrueChamp 196]

http://www.sherdog.com/news/articles/1/UFC-on-Fuel-TV-3-Korean-Zombie-vs-Poirier-Preview-42595
  Edited May 12, 2012 by LastTrueChamp  

[Alejandro24 575]

Grecia es lo mejor que le pudo haber pasado al mundo occidental. Amanecer Dorado es lo peor que le pudo haber pasado a Grecia.

[Schulmanator 5,787]

Lyhoko Leaci (Leech10), best known as Schulmania’s most frequent poster, is now also known for posting the 8027^th comment in Schulmania Volume 2, allowing this volume to surpass Schulmania Volume 1 as the longest city journal in Simtropolis. Additionally, his post in Volume 2 helped to push the viewership over 300,000 – a first for a city journal. Hearty congratulations are extended to Lyhoko, whose reward for this fortuitous posting is having an entire chapter of Schulmania centered around his character. Be looking for this very special update coming soon*!

*It will be the second Bear Creek update, as Nathanthemayor and Hester have earned roles in this first one. Enjoy! And congrats again to LL!

[bhiggins 20]

ich will wieder nach Miami!!

[samima 92]

[airman15 4,111]

[MaxPain 3]

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lwSKCZJxLXg&feature=related

[samima 92]

[Haljackey 17,304]

Youtube actually suggested something good for once

[astronelson 339]

It's a Let's Play of Civilization V: Gods and Kings as Babylon.

[samima 92]

[airman15 4,111]

http://www.catswhothrowupgrass.com/kill.php

Sent to one of my cat-loving friends, explaining if a cat wants to kill their owners..

[Jeffmaster223 24]

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I did not expect this...

[timmie 988]

That's what you have on your clipboard?

 

On topic:

[Alejandro24 575]

[Bipin 3,402]

References

Bright, M. (2013, March 3).  Ten years on what happened to the woman who revealed dirty tricks on Iraq war vote? | World news | The Observer .  Latest US news, world news, sport and comment from the Guardian | guardiannews.com | The Guardian . Retrieved April 15, 2013, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/mar/03/katharine-gun-iraq-war-whistleblower

CNN. (2001, September 14). CNN.com - Transcripts. CNN.com International - Breaking, World, Business, Sports, Entertainment and Video News. Retrieved April 15, 2013, from http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0109/14/cf.00.html

Chapman, J. (2004, July 28).  John Chapman: The real reasons Bush went to war | World news | The Guardian .  Latest US news, world news, sport and comment from the Guardian | guardiannews.com | The Guardian . Retrieved April 14, 2013, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/jul/28/iraq.usa

MacAskill, E., & Borger, J. (2004, September 16). Iraq War was Illegal. Common Dreams: Building Progressive Community. Retrieved April 16, 2013, from www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0916-01.htm

Morgan, D. (2003, April 6). US Official Says CIA Aided Ba'athists. Common Dreams: Building Progressive Community. Retrieved April 13, 2013, from www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0420-05.htm

Powell, C. L., & Persico, J. E. (1995). A soldier's way: an autobiography. London: Hutchinson.

mass, s. w. (2004, January 21). Bush's comments on the War on Terror. rationalrevolution.net - Making sense of history, economics, politics, philosophy, and war. Retrieved April 15, 2013, from http://www.rationalrevolution.net/war/bush_terror.htm

 

 

Clearly the most interesting one here...

[Duke87 1,070]

http://cmap.m-plex.com/stat/travsummary.php?u=duke87

[RipRap 4,400]

Okonkwo did not have the start in life which many young men usually had. He did not inherit a barn from his father. There was no barn to inherit. The story was told in Umuofia, of how his father, Unoka, had gone to consult the Oracle of the Hills and the Caves to find out why he always had a miserable harvest.

The Oracle was called Agbala, and people came from far and near to consult it. They came when misfortune dogged their steps or when they had a dispute with their neighbours. They came to discover what the future held for them or to consult the spirits of their departed fathers.

[Adjiebrotot 94]

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[Bipin 3,402]

Substance Abuse, Addiction and Treatment at the Provincial/Territorial Level:

One-Variable and Two-Variable Analysis (Part One)

Derek Boswell

MDM-4U1

Mrs. "VK"

*School erased*

April 20, 2013

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

One-Variable Analysis

Introduction:

This study examines the correlation between the trends concerning stress and mental health; alcohol and smoking addiction, and the ability for the affected individuals to find sufficient healthcare. The aforementioned statistics, based on percent of province/territory population, demonstrate how the resources available in Canada’s healthcare infrastructure, namely private practice and rehabilitation centers, are allocated. This is in regards to how well Canadians can treat various addictions based on the amount of healthcare options they are provided with. For instance, the number of treatment facilitators in comparison to the number of addiction cases present in a provinces or territories with sparse rural communities is becoming a growing concern. Thus, it is expected that these statistics will reflect this trend.

Essentially, one should expect to see provinces with larger populations reporting greater instances of alcohol abuse (reported Instances of Heavy Drinking) and smoking (reported Instances of Smoking) as a result of stress (Perceived Life Stress (High)) and poor mental health (Perceived Mental Health (Poor)), which go hand-in-hand with one-another. Heavy drinking is defined as the population of or greater than 12 years of age who consume five or more drinks in a single occasion at least once a month. Smoking is defined as the population that reported being a current smoker who are of 12 years or older. As well, poor mental health is defined as the population aged 12 and older who consider their health status to be poor. This includes physical, mental and social well-being, referring to a person's own or a proxy's, assessment of a person's health in general. Furthermore, the level of stress is identified as individuals over the age of 15 who exhibit signs of pain and/or anxiety through the majority of their day. The number of healthcare options (Contact with a Healthcare/Rehabilitation Provider) that individuals in these regions are provided with should be proportional to the degree of addiction cases. One should expect to see a greater number of healthcare/rehabilitation options in provinces or territories with larger populations, and thus more addiction cases. However, the likelihood is present that less urbanized regions will see a lesser amount of healthcare/rehabilitation providers due to the isolated and often underdeveloped nature of the region’s public service infrastructure (Browne). Thus, there would be a higher influx of addiction cases, due to a great number of existing ones remaining untreated. Conversely, more urbanized regions, such as those in Ontario, may demonstrate a greater number of healthcare providers. This would be due to the urbanized, less sparsely populated nature of the region, where healthcare and rehabilitation options are more accessible to the majority of individuals, thus more widely used by the majority. Ultimately, the goal of this study is to determine the validity of this notion.

Measures of Central Tendency:

Of the five total variables, the two variables measured in this report are “reported instances of heavy drinking” and “reported instances of smoking”. The mean, median and mode values are as follows:

Mean:

            Reported instances of heavy drinking: 22.238%

            Reported instances of smoking: 25.369%

Median:

            Reported instances of heavy drinking: 21.7%

            Reported instances of smoking: 21.1%

Mode:

            Reported instances of heavy drinking: 21.7%

            Reported instances of smoking: N/A

Measures of Spread:

The measures of spread for the aforementioned two variables are as follows:

Range:

            Reported instances of heavy drinking: 8.1%

            Reported instances of smoking: 43.9%

Standard Deviation:

Reported instances of heavy drinking: 3.9%

            Reported instances of smoking: 10.9%

Quartile One:

            Reported instances of heavy drinking: 19.5%

            Reported instances of smoking: 20.4%

Quartile Three:

                Reported instances of heavy drinking:  24.6%

            Reported instances of smoking: 23.8%

Interquartile Range:

            Reported instances of heavy drinking: 5.1%

            Reported instances of smoking: 3.4%

 

 

Graphs:

 

 

 

Frequency in Number of Cases per Province/Territory

 

 

Heavy Drinking

 

 

 

 

 

Number of Reported Cases

 

 

 

Frequency in Number of Cases per Province/Territory

Number of Reported Cases

Smoking

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reported Heavy Drinking in Canada

       

 

 

 

Instances of Heavy Drinking per Province/Territory

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Heavy Drinking

 

Reported Smoking in Canada

 

 

 

 

 

Instances of Smoking per Province

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Smoking

 

 

Analysis:

Measures of Central Tendency:

            Out for the three measures of central tendency, mode would certainly not be the best as there are no repeating values within the data on smoking nor that of heavy drinking. Between the two other measures; median and mode, the median value would be most applicable for effectively examining the data presented. The mean is affected by outliers, such as the reported drinking and smoking values for provinces with significantly larger populations (in the millions, as opposed to thousands for the rest of Canada); Quebec and Ontario for example. Thus, the mean is grossly larger than what the most typical values for reported smoking and heavy drinking across Canada are. The median eliminates these outliers, making the resulting average value more reflective of what is generally found across Canada. 

Measures of Spread:

The aforementioned data; heavy drinking and smoking in Canada, measured at a provincial/territorial level, demonstrate several trends in consistency and spread. The heavy drinking statistic has a range of 8.1%, from a minimum value of 18.5% (Nunavut) to a maximum of 26.4% (Ontario). Thus, the data entails a standard deviation of approximately 3.8%. It is the moderately populated Maritime and prairie provinces, along with British Columbia that occupy this slot. The interquartile range has a similar value of 5.1% in comparison to the standard deviation. This is not surprising, as both the standard deviation and interquartile range are both measures of spread, except the interquartile range is more suited for data with outliers. In this case, outliers are present, which explains the slight difference between the interquartile range and standard deviation. The provinces and territories such as Ontario, Quebec and Nunavut have populations at the most extreme areas of the spectrum due to the urban landscape (and thus greater, denser population) or complete lack thereof. Noting the province/territory which these values represent, it is easy to see how the population of each province/territory has a superbly profound impact on the data. It is clear that heavy drinking is relative to population size. However, despite differences in population size between provinces and territories, the data verifies the trend regarding a greater amount of drinking in conjunction with a greater amount of smoking at the provincial/territorial level.

Similar trends exist in the smoking statistic. A range of 39.7% can be found, with a minimum of 20% (Yukon) and a maximum of 59.7% (Ontario). Once again, the region with the highest instance of smoking is Ontario and the lowest is a territory in the far north of Canada; one far more isolated and less developed than the largely urbanized province of Ontario. The standard deviation for this data is approximately 10.9%. Much like with the heavy drinking statistic, the moderately populated provinces which are located along the west coast and reaching farther into the prairie areas are subject to being inside the first deviation. They have between 23.8% and 20.4% instances of smoking. The IQR, with a similar value of 3.4%, follows a similar concept of measuring spread. However, it is less affected by outliers; extreme values such as Ontario, Quebec and northern territory populations. Therefore, the IQR is a more applicable representation of smoking across Canada, as the few outlying territories such as the Yukon and Ontario typically have a profound affect in skewing interpretation of the data. Thus, by omitting the outliers, the thesis is supported in that, as smoking increases by province, drinking also increases by province.

 

Graphs:

Both of the histogram graphs, “Reported Smoking in Canada” and “Reported Drinking in Canada” exhibit an approximate right-skewed shape. The visible outliers present in both of the boxplots are Ontario and Quebec. These outliers are largely due to the significantly greater number of urban areas in these two provinces alone and thus higher human populations. As a result, the outlying values skew measures of spread and tendency, namely the standard deviation and mean when examining the incidence of smoking and drinking as a Canada-wide average. Thus, in such a case it would be justifiable to exclude outliers when looking at the average amount of smokers or heavy drinkers per each province of territory in Canada, such as with this study. However, if one is examining the relationship between each variable, the most extreme values would play a role in a proper analysis.

Two-Variable Analysis

Introduction:

The goal of this two-variable analysis on data regarding smoking, alcohol consumption, stress, and mental health at the provincial/territorial level is to discern if any correlation exists between the aforementioned criteria and accessibility to healthcare providers. All statistics utilized are based on percent of province/territory population. Essentially, this research is to identify if a trend exists which adheres to the thesis that less access to physicians results in a greater incidence of both negative health and behavioural issues.

Thus, one should expect to witness an increase in heavy drinking instances per province/territory with those who have less accessibility to healthcare or rehabilitation per province/territory. Heavy drinking is defined as the population over twelve years of age that ingests at least five drinks on one occasion, at least once every month. As the accessibility to treatment options increases, whether it is for stress or other medical issues increases, it can be anticipated that the heavy drinking rate will decrease. Afflicted individuals will receive proper treatment, thus lowering the incidence of those who resort to excessive alcohol intake to repress or mask their issues. The latter term in this comparison; is defined as the population twelve years of age or greater who have consulted with a medical practitioner within the past year. Healthcare and rehabilitation constitutes the recurring, independent variable that all other criteria are compared to.

One may also anticipate seeing a trend between perceived stress and access to healthcare and rehabilitation to mimic the aforementioned correlation; heavy drinking and access to healthcare and rehabilitation. More specifically, stress is defined as the number of individuals of or greater than fifteen years old who claim to experience extreme stress during most days of their lives. All of these criteria go hand-in-hand and are interrelated to one another. As the accessibility to healthcare and rehabilitation options for provinces/territories increases, it can be expected that stress experienced (when examined at the provincial/territorial level) will decrease. This correlation is largely due to the increased ability to medically treat, and thus effectively remedy, stress-related issues.

Likewise, mental health should be expected to follow a similar trend as the previously mentioned issues; heavy drinking and stress. Mental health is defined as the number of individuals 12 years or older who report poor mental and social well-being by themselves or through a proxy. Poor mental health often results in the need to repress or mask negative emotions and thoughts (Pacana, 2006). One of the most common pathways to achieve this is via alcohol abuse. Thus it can be said that one may expect to find that, as the accessibility to healthcare and rehabilitation options available between each province/territory increases, poor mental health at the provincial/territorial level will decrease.

In addition to drinking, smoking is another negative behaviour undertaken to alleviate pain; both mental and physical that is caused by a variety of issues (Harris, 2006). More precisely, smoking is defined as the number of individuals 15 years or older who smoke at least one cigarette per week on a regular basis. Therefore, one can expect the incidence of smoking within each province/territory to increase as the accessibility to healthcare and rehabilitation options present between each province/territory decreases.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Graphs:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

R: 0.13964

R²: 0.0195

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

R: -0.5067

R²: 0.2567

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

“Relationship between Mental Health and Access to Medical Infrastructure” Analysis:

            Data within this first scatter plot exhibits a weak, linear (although quite random) trend with positive correlation. The line of best fit does not follow the data trend accurately, as it only intersects at a single point. However, that is not to say any other regression is more suited for this scatter plot. The distribution of data and the residual values are random. Therefore, despite a weak, seemingly random correlation between data, the random pattern of residuals identifies a linear trend as the most applicable. In regards to outliers, data on the more extreme ends of the spectrum has good reason to be there; there is no reason to omit whole provinces or territories from the analysis. Logistical issues and geographic location can have profound, albeit valid effects on the criteria, especially in the case of accessibility to healthcare. Furthermore, data with a weak correlation constitutes no need for the removal of outliers; they simply do not exist as all data is more or less equally displaced from the line of best fit.

            The r and r² values of this scatter plot are 0.13964 and 0.0195 respectively. The r value of 0.13964 signifies a weak correlation in the data, akin to what was previously identified. Other factors besides accessibility to healthcare have a profound effect on mental health such as illicit drug use and even climate within each province or territory. Likewise, supported by similar reasons, the r² value of 0.0195 demonstrates a weak relationship in how much mental health is affected by the accessibility to healthcare services. Discovering these other factors and taking them into consideration would help to better demonstrate the strength of a relationship between mental health and access to the medical infrastructure. Further research may identify that no other criteria demonstrates a stronger relationship than that between mental health and access to the medical infrastructure. Thus relative to all other possible variables, the relationship between mental health and access to healthcare and rehabilitation may prove to be the strongest. Despite this weak correlation in data as represented by r and r² one can still infer valuable data regarding the thesis that less access to healthcare and rehabilitation results in a greater incidence of both negative behaviour and health issues. The increase in poor mental health and medical infrastructure accessibility can represent a greater incidence of mental health cases being diagnosed. Rather than demonstrating more mental illness in regions with more accessible healthcare and rehabilitation options, the positive trend is representative of an increased number of healthcare providers being able to examine more of the province’s or territory’s population. Essentially, regions with a low incidence of reported mental illness demonstrate a lesser amount of affected individuals being correctly identified as afflicted by mental illness. They do not have as many options for proper psychological screening and examination as more urbanized regions do.

“Relationship between Heavy Drinking and Access to Medical Infrastructure” Analysis:

            Data within this second scatter plot demonstrates a moderate, linear and negative correlation. The line of best fit is a more accurate regression in this scatter plot than the line of best fit in the first graph. However, the stronger correlation in data within this second scatter plot is largely relative to the poorer correlation in the first graph; neither is particularly strong, although the correlation present in this case is stronger. This is further reinforced by the random residual distribution pattern, which is representative of a linear correlation. Thus, one can conclude that a line of best fit, as opposed to a curve of best fit, is indeed the most suitable. Akin to the case in the first scatter plot regarding mental health and healthcare accessibility, similar statements can be made with regard to outliers. This is largely due to both graphs using “accessibility to healthcare and rehabilitation” as the independent variable. However, the dependent variable; alcohol consumption, is also affected by the same issues of availability and ease of access for a specific province’s or territory’s population.

            The r and r² values for this scatter plot are, respectively, -0.5067 and 0.2567. The r value of 0.5067 represents a moderate, negative correlation of data within the second scatter plot. Furthermore, the r² value demonstrates that approximately 25% of the independent variable (access to healthcare and rehabilitation) explains, or is directly relative to, the dependent variable (heavy drinking). For data that involves statistics gathered in a census survey, and thus with a broad range of results in data collected, both the  r and r² values signify a good correlation for data concerning dynamic, real-world situations at a large scale. This helps to validate the perceived trend of data highlighted in the thesis that less access to healthcare and rehabilitation results in a greater incidence of both negative behaviour and health issues. One can infer with confidence that a lower intake of alcohol is indeed the result of better healthcare and rehabilitation accessibility. Essentially, this trend demonstrates that as treatment options for a medical issue become more accessible, afflicted individuals are less likely to resort to heavy drinking as a method to repress or alleviate physical or psychological pain. Rather, as a result of medical intervention, these individuals chose a more educated approach to resolving their condition, one that is administered by healthcare or rehabilitation professionals.

Conclusion

            In conclusion to the plethora of data that has been collected and subsequently analyzed, the initial theory has been proven true to a negligible extent. Essentially, this hypothesis states that less accessibility to physicians on a provincial basis results in a greater incidence of destructive behaviour and poorer mental state. While there are correlations that discern this perceived trend, they are weak. By factoring in other possibilities, as discussed in the analysis for both the one and two variable sections individually, it had been discovered that coincidental correlations were nonexistent. However, common-cause scenarios may have contributed to stronger trends in the data. An example of this would be the moderate correlation between heavy drinking and accessibility to the medical infrastructure. While third-tier variables; geographical or logistic factors may have played a role in causing the correlation, it is largely irrelevant. As with other similar scenarios concerning this data, where an unseen variable is present, the fact that individuals are not receiving sufficient medical and rehabilitation care where a higher incidence of destructive behaviour and substance abuse exists is what matters. Regardless of how explicit it is that, for example, medical and rehabilitation accessibility has a direct and sole correlation to heavy drinking incidence, one must take away from these findings that there is a deficiency in proper medical treatment in certain Canadian provinces and territories. While no specific trend is explicit in describing this, the culmination of all analyzed information, as well as the types of possible unseen variables, point towards validating the hypothesis that a lesser number of physicians correlates to a greater incidence of destructive behaviour and poorer mental state, one way or another. This demonstrates the need for the issue of medical and rehabilitative care accessibility to be extended and improved upon in affected regions within Canada. The exact cause is irrelevant; for ultimately, all aforementioned variables, whether analyzed extensively or cited as unseen factors, dictate that healthcare and rehabilitation services must be more widespread throughout Canada.

 

 

References

Browne, A. (2008, May 21). Issues Affecting Access to Health Services in Northern, Rural and Remote Regions of Canada. UNBC. Retrieved April 14, 2013, from www.unbc.ca/assets/northern_studies/northern/issues_affecting_access_to_health_services_in_northern.pdf

Harris, G. (2006, August 5). Cancer Causes, Smoking and Emotional Repression. Home. Retrieved April 12, 2013, from http://www.guidedexcellence.com/page21.html

Pacana, G. (2011, July 14). The Roots of Addiction - Philadelphia Mental Health. Examiner.com. Retrieved April 12, 2013, from http://www.examiner.com/article/the-roots-of-addiction-and-substance-abuse

Canada. (2011, January 1). Perceived life stress, quite a lot, by sex, by province and territory (Number). Statistics Canada: Canada's national statistical agency / Statistique Canada : Organisme statistique national du Canada. Retrieved April 12, 2013, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/health107a-eng.htm

Canada. (2011, January 1). Heavy drinking, by sex, provinces and territories (Number of persons). Statistics Canada: Canada's national statistical agency / Statistique Canada : Organisme statistique national du Canada. Retrieved April 12, 2013, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/health80b-eng.htm

Canada. (2011, January 1). Perceived mental health by sex, by province and territory (Fair or poor (%)). Statistics Canada: Canada's national statistical agency / Statistique Canada : Organisme statistique national du Canada. Retrieved April 12, 2013, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/health111d-eng.htm

Canada. (2011, January 1). Contact with a medical doctor, by sex, provinces and territories (Percent). Statistics Canada: Canada's national statistical agency / Statistique Canada : Organisme statistique national du Canada. Retrieved April 12, 2013, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/health116b-eng.htm

Canada. (2011, January 1). Smokers, by sex, provinces and territories (Percent). Statistics Canada: Canada's national statistical agency / Statistique Canada : Organisme statistique national du Canada. Retrieved April 12, 2013, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/health74b-eng.htm

 

Do I win the award for longest ctrl + v?

[Alejandro24 575]

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/product/dyfi/usb000gdyf/us/1366685882991/usb000gdyf_ciim.jpg

[timmie 988]

[Craig-Abcvs 1,595]

they all sat together at the table and Jaze at a meal