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Chapter 11: The Hybrid Cruiser
Dreadnought posted a City Journal entry in IMPERIAL DOCKYARDS: CUXHAVEN
SMS Blucher – circa 1908. Though good photographs of her are scarce, this is a fairly good starboard quarter view. IMPERIAL DOCKYARDS: CUXHAVEN By: Dreadnought & AP Chapter 11: THE HYBRID CRUISER "Hy-brid”: Etymology -- Known in English since 1601, but rare before 1850’s. From the Latin hybrida, a variant of hibrida. (biology) Offspring resulting from cross-breeding different entities, e.g. two different species or two purebred parent strains. (non-biologic) Something of mixed origin or composition; often, a tool or technology that combines the benefits of formerly separate tools or technologies. “Grosse Kreuzer E” is most aptly described by an amalgamation of the two definitions -- a “hybrid”. The warship combined the best traits of the old armored cruiser, with the use of the best possible naval technology, in an effort to remain competitive in what had come to be the “Dreadnought Era”. But the Kaiserliche Marine had not yet fully grasped the new technologies of the “dreadnought concept”. Nor did they have a complete understanding of its’ application – or of its’ extent. The Reichsmarineamt saw advances in warship design as a “staircase” with small, incremental, steps to reach the top. This, literally, “step-by-step” approach allowed the Imperial Navy to design and build solid, reliable, warships that did “yeoman service” all over the world. It also served them well when dealing with a Reichstag reluctant to spend large amounts of money. But this “incremental” approach also guaranteed there would be few “brilliant”, startling, advances in design. The Reichsmarineamt actually thought “Grosse Kreuzer E” would be such an advance. And, they also had no reason to believe the Royal Navy would advance much beyond their Minotaur Class armored cruisers. Neither Tirpitz, nor anyone else in the Kaiserliche Marine, had the least inkling that Jackie Fisher had taken a giant “leap up the staircase” ahead of them. And even Fisher’s agile brain never envisioned the logical conclusion to the evolutionary chain he had set in motion. But “Grosse Kreuzer E” was the ill-fated hybrid that would convince the Reichsmarineamt to make the “leap up the staircase” and find the path ahead that Fisher could not. BLUCHER CLASS HYBRID CRUISER SMS Blucher – circa 1911. Visually, the ship has changed significantly from the old armored cruisers. Gone are the numerous funnels, and the slab-sided, high freeboard hull. She has taken on the low and sleek appearance that would grace her battlecruiser successors. Note the Koteradmiral’s (rear admiral) flag flying at the foremast peak. “Grosse Kreuzer E” was laid down at Kaiserliche Werft shipyard, Kiel, on 21 February 1907. She was launched in April 1908, and commissioned into the Hochseeflotte in October 1909. At her launching ceremony, she was christened “SMS Blucher” (English spelling) in honor of Generalfeldmarshall Gebhard von Blucher, Prince von Wahlstatt – commander of the Prussian army that guaranteed victory at Waterloo. The hybrid cruiser had a displacement of 15,842 tons -- a considerable increase over Scharnhorst. And at 28.5 million Marks -- over-budget by 1.5 million. Measuring 530 feet, she was longer than previous classes, with a hull constructed of transverse and longitudinal frames, and hull plating riveted to them. She had thirteen watertight compartments with a double bottom running 65% of her length. Her forecastle deck was raised forward to keep heavy seas from washing over the bow. Amidships, rather than the high, slab-sided-hull of previous armored cruisers, the weather deck was low and flush all the way to the fantail. She was manned by 41 officers and 812 enlisted men. SMS Blucher -- plan profile. Blucher was given the standard single rudder, triple screw arrangement, driven by new and more powerful four cylinder triple-expansion steam engines. Each engine was installed in it’s own engine room to improve watertight integrity. Steam was fed to the engines from eighteen coal-fired, water-tube boilers, with thirty-six fire boxes divided among three boiler rooms. Blucher had been designed for 24.5 knots, but achieved 25.4 knots on trials. In fact, Blucher holds the record for the highest horsepower (37,799 ihp) ever achieved by a reciprocating engine warship. She operated on a normal load of 900 tons of coal, but could take on board 2,500 tons for a wartime load, which provided an operating radius of 7,600 miles at 12 knots. Blucher is instantly distinguishable from her contemporaries by the singularly tall tripod mast and spotting top. Gunnery science was just being introduced, and the naval architects had to allow enough room in the spotting top to install the ranging equipment and communication systems for “Director Control” of the main gun turrets. Accordingly, they installed a heavy tripod mast to avoid vibration from a lighter pole mast which could have interfered with proper operation. It should be noted Blucher is decked out in her peacetime paint scheme for “home waters” – a dark gray hull with white upper works. In wartime, the white would be painted over in a light gray, chosen to blend in with the ever-present haze of the North Sea. This beautifully detailed and textured model is courtesy of @AP, and brilliantly brings to life a ship critical to understanding warship development of the period – but often gets little attention. The new armored cruiser mounted a main battery of twelve 8.3-inch SK-L/45 (QF) guns in six twin turrets – one fore and aft, and two “wing turrets” on either beam amidships. (Sometimes called a hexagonal arrangement.) Due to the arrangement of the wing turrets, Blucher could only fire eight of her twelve rifles in broadside. These guns sent a 238 lb shell out to about 21,000 yards at the rate of 4 to 5 rounds per minute. The ship’s magazines were designed to store 85 rounds per gun. Visibility in the North Sea was notoriously bad, changed quickly, and was prone to haze and rain squalls. It got even worse in winter months. Under those conditions, an engagement between ships might be measured in two or three minute intervals, when the target was actually visible. But – in a sustained engagement in clear weather – or when chasing a running target – the entire shell allowance could be expended in just 17 minutes of sustained firing. This view shows Blucher’s long, streamlined hull form. She had the same length to beam ratio of about 6.5 to 1.0 which contributed to her speed without going to extreme lengths that might compromise the longitudinal strength of the hull. If you examine the bow, you will notice the “notched”, raised forecastle deck that stretches from the stem to the rear of the forward superstructure. This design feature is common to many WW I era warships, and was largely discarded by the 1930’s. The Kaiserliche Marine preferred a low freeboard on their warships to reduce the target silhouette, but this produced copious amounts of “white water” rolling back over the bow. The easy solution was to raise a narrow forecastle by one deck level, and flare the bow to throw water away from the ship. The clearly visible “notches” in the forecastle accommodate gun casemates and provide forward arcs of fire for torpedo boat defense guns mounted on the main deck level. This “notched” feature would be mostly discontinued by German designers after Von der Tann. SMS Blucher’s secondary battery was somewhat reduced from previous cruisers. She mounted eight 5.9-inch SK L/45 QF guns in MPL/06 casemates, four amidships on either beam. The guns, unfortunately, followed the usual pattern and were mounted at main deck level where they suffered during heavy seas or high speeds. They fired an approximately 100-lb shell using a 30.2-lb RPC/12 powder charge in a brass cartridge case, out to a range of 14,800 yards at a sustained rate of 5 to 7 shells per minute. Magazine capacity allowed 165 rounds per gun. The expected life of the gun tube was 1,400 shells before being replaced. The corrosive effects of powder gases and the shell traveling down the tube would wear out the gun lining and eventually erode the rifling in the barrel. Replacement rates were more frequent with high velocity weapons. In addition, the Kaiserliche Marine had a higher barrel replacement rate than most foreign navies due to their frequent visits to the gunnery practice ranges. This starboard view gives a good idea of the deck layout. The superstructure occupies the entire midships space between the fore and aft gun turrets, and is relatively crowded. The forward bridge structure is much more complicated than previous cruisers, largely due to the addition of stacked banks of searchlights, and the legs of a tripod mast, rather than a pole or military mast. The four wing turrets and their training / firing arcs require a great deal of space. Future large cruisers would be more “minimalist” with their “deck clutter”. For torpedo boat protection, Blucher was armed with sixteen 3.5 inch SK-L/45 QF guns arranged in both casemates and pivot mounts with shields. Four casemates were on either side of the bow, four were in the lower bridge superstructure, and four more were in sponsons on either side of the stern. The last four guns were pivot mounted with shields atop the aft superstructure. They could fire a 22-lb shell out to about 12,000 yards at a rate of 15 rounds per minute. Ammunition stowage was 200 rounds per gun. Built into the cruiser’s hull were the usual four 17.7-inch submerged torpedo tubes – one in the bow and stern, and one on either broadside. Considering the valuable space they occupied, they would be of little practical value. Bow View of SMS Blucher. The armoring scheme of the cruiser was, with a few variations, arranged much the same as previous classes. Krupp Cemented Armor was used throughout. The armor belt was 7.1 inches thick amidships, between the main battery barbettes, and protected the vital components of the warship – magazines, boilers, and engines. Beyond the barbettes, the armor belt was 3.1 inches, tapering to 1.3 inches at the bow and stern. Behind the armor belt was 1.5 inches of teak backing to protect against spalling. German builders followed the usual practice of bolting side armor to the hull, rather than riveting. The protective armored deck was 2 inches thick with sloping sides of 2.8 inches connecting to the lower edge of the belt. Inboard of the midships portion of the armor belt, and separated by a narrow void, was a 1.5 inch torpedo bulkhead – a new innovation in the armor scheme. Blucher’s forward conning tower was 9.8 inches thick, while the aft control position was armored with 5.5 inches. The main battery turrets had 7.1-inch sides with 3.1-inch roofs, and the secondary battery turreted casemates were protected by a 5.9-inch armored strake, with gun shields of 5.1 inches. In this close-up, right behind the forward turret, you can see the navigation bridge, which is separated by a narrow passageway from the oval-shaped armored conning tower with a 15 foot rangefinder on top. Behind that are two “stacked” searchlight platforms stepped against the forward leg of the tripod mast. And behind that, is the first funnel. Though it is a more substantial bridge arrangement than previous armored cruisers, it is efficient and, by comparison, more spartan than those found in other navies. This view clearly shows the turreted casemate guns of the 5.9-inch secondary battery. If you look toward the stern, you can see a group of sailors standing on a platform deck. There is only about eight feet of hull between them and wet feet. The casemate guns are on the same main deck level, and are subject to wave action at high speed or in medium “sea states”. You can also see the arrangement of funnels, deck houses, and ship’s boats amidships. Also, between the aft wing turrets, you can see the white air intake housing for the engine rooms, while air scoops abaft the funnels provide ventilation to the boiler rooms. Again, it looks cluttered, but it is, in reality, essential to the operation of the ship and arranged to occupy as little space as possible. This stern shot shows the aft main battery turret, followed by two air scoops and ventilator louvers, with the aft Control Position built into the aft superstructure deck house. The aft Control Position’s central feature is the oval-shaped armored conning tower with a 15 foot rangefinder on top. In the event the forward (primary) conning tower receives a direct hit by a large caliber shell, it may not be completely destroyed, but the helm, voice tubes and telephones, and engine room “repeaters” (controls), would most likely be disabled. Command of the ship would then be transferred to the aft Control Position where a duplicate set of controls is located. Immediately behind the aft superstructure is a three-tiered bank of six searchlights stepped against the aft pole mast. Though it was not a primary strategy (as it became in the Imperial Japanese Navy), the Kaiserliche Marine was well trained in night battle and the use of searchlights. Commissioned into the fleet on 1 October 1909, Blucher commenced sea trials immediately and finished by early December. She did a two week stretch at the repair docks ironing out small glitches and completing minor fitting-out jobs, and was then assigned to 1st Scouting Group, Hochseeflotte. Shortly thereafter, she became “Flagship – Scouting Forces” and served in that roll until 1911, when she was reassigned as a naval gunnery training ship. With her relatively new gunnery control equipment and 12-gun main battery, she was ideal for the job. Surviving documents from German Naval Archives are generally complimentary of SMS Blucher’s sea-keeping qualities. She had a gentle motion at sea, with very little pitch (rise and fall at the bow and stern) – but she was (like most German cruisers) subject to severe roll (leaning from side to side) when taking a beam sea. The rolling problem occurred because German warships tended to have a somewhat higher metacentric height than ships in other navies. It gave a shorter roll with longer periods “at rest” – providing a more stable gun platform. When Blucher’s helm was put “hard over”, she heeled as much as 10 degrees and lost 55% of her speed. Nonetheless, she was considered a good sea-boat and an excellent gun platform. Here we see Blucher fresh off her sea trials, moored at the repair docks to iron out a few small problems and finish minor fitting-out jobs. The crane barge alongside is making ready to hoist aboard the cases and crates of parts and stores that will be needed. The docks are a series of modified “battleship docks” from the PEG-SNM Series found in the PEGASUS section of the STEX. WMP sea walls have been added to the front side of the docks because they resemble wooden caissons that act as “bumpers’ for the warship hulls. The dock cranes are “100 ton” cranes by “AP”. The small “50 ton crane” between the warehouses is also by “AP”. The water towers are for fire safety, and are borrowed from the Maxis Movie Studio lot. The warehouses are from one of the PEG seaports and have been re-lotted and modified by joining two together to make a long warehouse. The rail-side crane is from the PEG-SNM Dry Dock lot, and is unloading freight from a PEG Steam Tank Engine. The paved areas are a mix of NBVC Container Port concrete pads and Paeng Grunge Concrete with tire-track overlays. If you looked between the warehouses, you might have noticed a large formation of sailors. With Blucher just in from her sea trials, Konteradmiral Franz von Hipper, commanding 1st Scouting Group, has arranged for a tour of the ship. He also suggested his party might stay to dine with Kapitan zur See Erdmann and his officers. Here you see part of the ship’s company drawn up to receive the admiral. The party has gotten out of their jeeps and Kapitan Erdmann is standing in front of his ship’s “kisbee”, saluting the approaching guests. The ceremonial “Kisbee” began life as a simple “life preserver ring” -- invented by Thomas Kisbee (1792 – 1877), a Royal Navy officer. The life preserver was placed near the gangway of a moored vessel as a practical matter. In those days, few “landsmen”, or even sailors, knew how to swim. Over many years it evolved into a ceremonial display of pride in one’s ship. A “kisbee” can come in many shapes and sizes, and almost any form you can imagine. In this case the “kisbee” is an ornate, highly polished, wooden panel mounted in the center of two crossed oars, with brass inlays of the ship’s name across the top. The center piece of the “kisbee” is a pristine life preserver decorated with the ship’s name, and mounted in the center of the ring is the ship’s “badge” (or shield). The “kisbee” is used for all ceremonial occasions, and in this instance, has two sailors at “parade rest” in attendance. The ceremonial “kisbee” is still in use in many navies. (Kisbee tradition suggested by @AP.) It would appear Admiral Hipper arranged for some of his staff officer’s wives to attend the tour and dinner, so it will be a pleasant evening. Especially to men that have not been ashore for nearly three months. Even the officers of the Imperial German Navy were “social animals” during the “Wilhelmine Era”. With the formal greeting ceremonies over, the admiral and his party will be escorted to the warship, where a “side party” will “pipe” him aboard. This close-up shows the crane barge in more detail. The “150 ton crane” on the barge was borrowed from the PEG-SNM Dry Dock lot. It is patterned after dockyard cranes commonly in use in US Navy yards during the early 1940’s up through the early 1960’s. I have modified it to include “steam” – more appropriate to our period. The work shed on the bow is a Maxis “dirty industry” prop, while the barge, itself, is by “AP”. (Note the weathered and “grungy” look.) The sailors on the barge and the “fire watch detail” (left of crane) are by “AP”, as are the “planks & planks with tarp” (beneath crane on right). The litter of crates, cases, boxes, and barrels are, for the most part, by “Historic Harbors” from his “Historic Harbors Series”. He made some seriously good props of this type. The two harbor tugs were gifted by “WolfZe”. This is SMS Blucher underway, as she would have looked circa 1910. The anti-torpedo nets were added in 1910, when the Kaiserliche Marine began to take a serious interest in torpedo defense. (You can see the slanted torpedo net booms along the hull, just above the waterline.) You will note crew members are manning the starboard rail, both fore and aft – and it looks as though she has dipped her colors at the stern. They could be saluting a passing flagship, but with colors dipped, it is more likely she is saluting a Royal member of the House of Hohenzollern. When SMS Blucher was chosen to become the Hochseeflotte gunnery training ship (1911), her forward pole mast was replaced with a large, and heavy tripod mast. The “spotting top” carried the most modern ranging, spotting, and gunnery fire control system available. Her previous “pole mast” was prone to severe vibration at high speed, which would have interfered with the operation of delicate gunnery instruments. You will note the extremely tall “topmast”. This was fitted to carry the wireless aerials, and the taller the mast, the farther the signals could be sent or received. For those that are curious – access to the spotting top was via a ladder inside the center leg of the steel tripod. “AP” has portrayed Blucher as she would have appeared at the Battle of Dogger Bank. When war broke out in 1914, SMS Blucher was reassigned to 1st Scouting Group and joined the more modern “Panzerkreuzern” (armored ships) Von der Tann, Moltke, and the flagship Seydlitz (Konteradmiral Franz von Hipper, Commanding). This assignment might seem rather odd, since the Naval High Command was well aware Blucher was not as powerful as her squadron mates. Though almost equal in speed, Blucher’s armor was not nearly as good, and her 8.3-inch guns were unable to match the range or power of the 11-inch guns on the other cruisers. But the German “Grosse Kreuzern” were seriously outnumbered by the British battlecruisers and needed reinforcement. Blucher did pack twelve guns in her main battery, so 1st Scouting Group seemed the logical place to employ her. SMS Blucher was temporarily detached from the Scouting Group and sent to the Baltic Sea for her first wartime assignment. On 3 September 1914, Blucher and five other cruisers, 24 destroyers, and seven pre-dreadnought battleships of the IV Battle Squadron put to sea in an operation designed to draw out a portion of the Russian Fleet and destroy it. North of Dago Island (now Hiiumaa), the light cruiser SMS Augsburg sighted the Russian armored cruisers Bayan and Pallada. Though she tried to lure them back to the guns of the German main body, the Russian cruisers were too wary and withdrew into the Gulf of Finland. Six days later, the operation was terminated without a major engagement. Russian armored cruiser Pallada – Bayan Class – 1906 – 7,750 tons, 21 knots, 2x8-inch guns, 8x6-inch guns, 20x3-inch guns, 2x15-inch torpedo tubes. Five weeks after Pallada’s encounter with Augsburg, the submarine U-26 would send her to the bottom. THE STRATEGIC SITUATION – NORTH SEA – 1914 In the early months of The Great War, the Imperial Naval High Command was keenly aware they were outnumbered. And they were also aware the British had split their considerable numbers of pre-dreadnought battleships, cruisers, and destroyers into squadrons and flotillas positioned around the North Sea. These “detachments” would watch and patrol while the Grand Fleet was held in support – for the “Climactic Battle” with the Hochseeflotte. It should also be noted England’s relatively large number of submarines, though untried in combat, would prove an aggressive weapon to take the war almost to the mouths of German harbors. The British ships were positioned to block German access to the Atlantic, the English Channel, and to protect the shores of England. In the days of Nelson, British ships-of-the-line would have stood off an enemy’s harbor and prevented their ships reaching open sea – a “close blockade”. With the advent of submarines, floating mines, and torpedo boats, this strategy was deemed too dangerous for the fleets of massive, and expensive, steel dreadnoughts. Instead, a “distant blockade” was instituted to cut Germany off from overseas trade, and to keep her warships bottled-up in the North Sea. A cruiser patrol line was established to intercept merchant shipping between the Orkney Islands and the Norwegian coast, with another patrol line covering the English Channel. Meanwhile, to “keep the lid on” the North Sea, the immense power of the British Grand Fleet was concentrated in the far north, at Scapa Flow, in the Orkney Islands. (The place was barren and positively bleak – but it possessed one of the finest and largest natural harbors in the World.) It might have proven more effective to base the fleet in an east coast port, closer to Germany, but there was no port capable of holding the fleet – some 45 capital ships and 106 assorted cruisers destroyers, etc, etc. The Imperial Naval High Command knew they must find some way to break the Royal Navy’s encirclement, but the only way to do that was by destroying a significant portion of the “detachments” – or the Grand Fleet. And this could only be done in battle. The Kaiser, however, had issued orders against risking the Hochseeflotte in any major engagements. (The principle of the “fleet in being” only works as long as you have a fleet.) Accordingly, German strategists began seeking ways to engage small enemy groups, or squadrons, that could be overwhelmed by the Hochseeflotte. There was, of course, the occasional (and largely accidental) engagement between light forces of both sides in the German Bight – resulting in the sinking of a couple of light cruisers or some destroyers. And both sides fell victim to ambush tactics. But the High Command had to find some way to force the issue and obtain significant advantage over the British. In October 1914, it was decided “raiding” English east coast ports might produce the desired results. “Raids” could have a number of objectives: (1) Heavy ships could cover cruisers laying mines close to enemy ports. (2) Heavy units could bombard enemy shore installations – shore batteries, military camps, naval bases, warships in harbor, etc, etc. Or – (3) Raiding British coastal cities might put pressure on politicians, thereby forcing the Grand Fleet to detach warships for coast defense. Or possibly even station a response force farther south where the Grand Fleet could not readily support them. This might give the Imperial Navy the opportunity to pick off a few heavy units and even-up the odds a bit. THE GREAT YARMOUTH RAID At 16:30 hours, on 2 November 1914, the German “Panzerkreuzern” weighed anchor and steamed out of Schillig Roads. Once clear of the Jade Estuary, they set course for the English coast. The light cruisers SMS Strassburg, Graudenz, Kolberg, and Stralsund raced ahead, forming up in a reconnaissance patrol line, with two ships in the lead and one on either flank of the column. Several miles behind, came the big ships steaming in line ahead: SMS Seydlitz, with Konteradmiral Franz von Hipper’s flag hoisted, followed by Moltke, Von der Tann, and reinforced by SMS Blucher. The heavy units would act in support while Stralsund laid a minefield off Lowestoft and Great Yarmouth, then bombard Yarmouth before turning for home. Two hours behind Hipper, two battle squadrons of the Hochseeflotte, accompanied by scouting groups and their attending torpedo boats, sortied in support. They would lie in wait east of Clever Bank to ambush British warships that might pursue the raiding force. By 06:30 on 3 November, Hipper’s force had rounded the “Broad Foutteens” and sighted a marker buoy at “Smith’s Knoll Watch”, confirming their position. The warships altered course and began their run to Great Yarmouth – the stage was set. The Yarmouth coast was patrolled by the minesweeper HMS Halcyon and the elderly destroyers, HMS Lively and Leopard. Halcyon sighted them first -- two cruisers to the northeast -- and signaled a challenge. She was instantly answered by two small shells, followed quickly by many, much larger shells. As the range closed, Lively, some two miles astern, began laying a protective smoke screen to hide the ships. German shells fell thick and fast, with mountains of water thrown over the British from the 11-inch shell splashes. German shooting was hindered by the smoke screen as well as the fact that everyone was shooting at the same target -- spotting the fall of shot was impossible. At 07:40, Hipper shifted his fire from Lively and threw several shells toward Yarmouth, all of which fell on the beach. As the Panzerkreuzern fired on Yarmouth, Halcyon sent off an “enemy sighted” report, and the destroyer HMS Success sortied from Yarmouth, while three more destroyers began to raise steam. The submarines HMS E-10, D-5, and D-3 also put to sea, but D-5 struck one of Stralsund’s mines and went down. When Stralsund signaled her mines had been laid, Hipper disengaged and set course for the Jade. By 08:30, the action was over. The English ships were back in harbor, and Hipper’s squadron was well over the horizon. Upon arrival off the Jade, Hipper’s squadron encountered thick fog and anchored in Schillig Roads overnight, rather than try to navigate the defensive minefields. Early in the morning, as the fog began to lift, the armored cruiser SMS Yorck (2nd Scouting Group) attempted to reach Wilhelmshaven, but made a navigational error and went down after striking two floating mines. Even a relatively “safe” raid can have unforeseen consequences. The British had been caught completely by surprise. Predictably, it was 09:55 when Admiral Beatty was ordered south with a battlecruiser squadron, and even later when the Grand Fleet sortied in support. The slow response was partly due to the “lag-time” in communications, and partly because Admiral John Jellicoe (Commander Grand Fleet) had been conferring with the Admiralty in London, and was on a train returning to Scapa Flow. But the Imperial Naval High Command was heartened by the ease with which Hipper had arrived and departed, and were much encouraged to try another raid. NEXT TIME…… PULLING THE LION’S TALE AND – two new “Historic Navies 1900” prop-packs have been released. You can find them here…... AGAIN -- THANKS to @Barroco Hispano for so many beautiful and highly detailed warships. SPECIAL THANKS to my collaborating partner -- “@AP” -- for his dedication and hard work, and for graciously working any miracle I have requested. I could not do this without his considerable skill and talent. If you enjoyed anything you saw – please punch the “like” button so I will know. A comment would be even more informative. Comments and critiques requested and gratefully accepted. All questions answered promptly to the best of my ability. THANK YOU for your visit! You may wish to visit these CJ’s as well…… SERIES I: IMPERIAL DOCKYARDS: WILHELMSHAVEN SERIES II: IMPERIAL DOCKYARDS: CUXHAVEN Appearing – Work In Publication SERIES III: IMPERIAL DOCKYARDS: BREMERHAVEN Appearing -- ??? And please feel free to drop in at… THE SIMTROPOLIS SHIPYARD https://community.simtropolis.com/forums/topic/761469-simtropolis-shipyard/?tab=comments#comment-1766496- 1 Comment
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